Difference between revisions of "Scientific writing advice"

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[http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/index.php/EEB2245W-S2009 Return to main EEB 2245W page]
 
  
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==Scientific Style==
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Your paper is an exercise in '''formal scientific communication''', and as such, should conform to certain conventions and patterns of word use typically followed in this type of writing.
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'''Scientific Writing'''. In general, discuss ideas, not “papers" or “articles”. Do not talk about the “assignment”. Avoid a book report style. Write for a professional audience.
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For example, do NOT begin with a long-winded introduction:  Dr. Elizabeth Jockusch and Dr. Ima Nobody of the University of Connecticut published the following paper in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology: “The role of olfaction in passerine birds.”
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Appropriate would be: Jockusch and Nobody (2001) investigated how birds use their sense of smell.
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'''State the authors' findings in past tense''': Jockusch and Nobody (2001) reported that prey are detected by smell.
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'''Avoid “touchy-feely” writing''' that relies on personal experience or feelings. Your papers should not contain the phrase "I feel that X". The important question is what you think and what you can support. (In many cases, "I feel that X" can be appropriately replaced by "I think that X" in scientific writing).  In some areas of science, first person constructions are not used at all.
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See [http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/index.php/General_rules_for_citing_sources_in_scientific_writing '''this web page'''] for information about citation practices in scientific writing.
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Do not use '''contractions'''.
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<br/><br/>
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==Quotation==
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'''Avoid quotations''': In scientific writing, you should paraphrase what the authors say, not quote it. Quoting is appropriate only when the original phrasing is particularly memorable. Unlike in some fields, where support for a claim comes from citing statements made by authorities, in science the primary support comes from presentation of the authors' data, not of their words.  As you will see when reading the scientific literature, most papers contain [[no direct quotes]].  Remember that you still must use citations to give credit for the ideas, even when you are explaining them in your own words.
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<br/><br/>
 
==Scientific Names==
 
==Scientific Names==
 
Special formatting rules apply to scientific names  
 
Special formatting rules apply to scientific names  
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           Chordata, Insecta, Pongidae, Plethodontidae, Scincidae
 
           Chordata, Insecta, Pongidae, Plethodontidae, Scincidae
  
*Many taxonomic category names are also used informally (with different endings), in which case they are not capitalized.  For example, the formal scientific name Plethodontidae (which identifies a family a salamanders) is capitalized, but the adjective derived from it (plethodontid) is not.
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*Adjectives can be formed from the names of higher taxa. These are not capitalized.  For example, the formal scientific name Plethodontidae (which identifies a family a salamanders) is capitalized, but the adjective derived from it (plethodontid) is not. These derived forms can also used in place of the formal taxon names in some cases. 
  
 
           Not everyone is as fond of plethodontid salamanders as Dr. Jockusch is.<br/>
 
           Not everyone is as fond of plethodontid salamanders as Dr. Jockusch is.<br/>
          Newly discovered pongid fossils change our understanding of primate evolution.
 
 
*'''Common names''' should generally be capitalized
 
          Turkey Vulture
 
  
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          Newly discovered pongid fossils change our understanding of primate evolution.  These fossil pongids were found in Indonesia.
  
==Scientific Style==
+
*'''Common names''' should generally be capitalized.
'''Write in a scientific style'''. In general, discuss ideas, not “papers" or “articles”. Do not talk about the “assignment”. Avoid a book report style. Write for a professional audience.
+
          Turkey Vulture
 
+
<br/>
For example, do NOT begin with a long-winded introduction:  Dr. Elizabeth Jockusch and Dr. Ima Nobody of the University of Connecticut published the following paper in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology: “The role of hybridization in salamander evolution.”
+
 
+
Appropriate would be: Jockusch and Nobody (2001) investigated how birds use their sense of smell.
+
 
+
'''State the authors' findings in past tense''': Jockusch and Nobody (2001) reported a general increase in researcher preferences for smelly birds.
+
 
+
'''Avoid “touchy-feely” writing''' that relies on personal experience or feelings. Your papers should not contain the phrase "I feel that X". The important question is what you think and what you can support. (In many cases, "I feel that X" can be appropriately replaced by "I think that X" in scientific writing).
+
 
+
 
+
==Quotation==
+
'''Avoid quotations''': In scientific writing, you should paraphrase what the authors say, not quote it. Quoting is appropriate only when the original phrasing is particularly memorable. Unlike in some fields, where support for a claim comes from citing statements made by authorities, in science the primary support comes from presentation of the authors' data, not of their words.  As you will see when reading the scientific literature, most papers contain [[no direct quotes]].  Remember that you still must use citations to give credit for the ideas, even when you are explaining them in your own words.
+
  
 
==Common Mistakes==
 
==Common Mistakes==
The word “data” is the plural of “datum”. Therefore, it is correct to say that “the data show...” not “the data shows...”. There is no such word as "specie."  Species is used as the singular and plural.  "Few" refers to numbers, "less" refers to amounts. The word "then" is used to indicate a time progression while, the word "than" is used to compare two items; the two words are not interchangeable. For example, "He used more soap than I did."  "I used the soap, then I used the scrub brush."
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*The word “data” is the plural of “datum”. Therefore, it is correct to say that “the data show...” not “the data shows...”.  
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*There is no such word as "specie."  Species is used as the singular and plural.   
 
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<br/><br/>
[http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/index.php/EEB2245W-S2009 Return to main EEB 2245W page]
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[http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/index.php/EEB2244W_Fall_2012:_Prof._Turchin#Checklist Return to main EEB 2244W page]

Revision as of 14:58, 7 September 2012

Scientific Style

Your paper is an exercise in formal scientific communication, and as such, should conform to certain conventions and patterns of word use typically followed in this type of writing.

Scientific Writing. In general, discuss ideas, not “papers" or “articles”. Do not talk about the “assignment”. Avoid a book report style. Write for a professional audience.

For example, do NOT begin with a long-winded introduction: Dr. Elizabeth Jockusch and Dr. Ima Nobody of the University of Connecticut published the following paper in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology: “The role of olfaction in passerine birds.”

Appropriate would be: Jockusch and Nobody (2001) investigated how birds use their sense of smell.

State the authors' findings in past tense: Jockusch and Nobody (2001) reported that prey are detected by smell.

Avoid “touchy-feely” writing that relies on personal experience or feelings. Your papers should not contain the phrase "I feel that X". The important question is what you think and what you can support. (In many cases, "I feel that X" can be appropriately replaced by "I think that X" in scientific writing). In some areas of science, first person constructions are not used at all.

See this web page for information about citation practices in scientific writing.

Do not use contractions.

Quotation

Avoid quotations: In scientific writing, you should paraphrase what the authors say, not quote it. Quoting is appropriate only when the original phrasing is particularly memorable. Unlike in some fields, where support for a claim comes from citing statements made by authorities, in science the primary support comes from presentation of the authors' data, not of their words. As you will see when reading the scientific literature, most papers contain no direct quotes. Remember that you still must use citations to give credit for the ideas, even when you are explaining them in your own words.

Scientific Names

Special formatting rules apply to scientific names

  • Scientific binomials and trinomials and genus names used alone are always italicized (or underlined). The genus should be capitalized; the species and subspecies start in lower case.
         Homo sapiens 
Homo sapiens sapiens
  • The first time the scientific name of a species is mentioned, it should be spelled out in full. After that, the genus name is usually abbreviated.
          H. sapiens
  • Higher taxonomic categories (e.g., families and phyla) are capitalized but not italicized.
          Chordata, Insecta, Pongidae, Plethodontidae, Scincidae
  • Adjectives can be formed from the names of higher taxa. These are not capitalized. For example, the formal scientific name Plethodontidae (which identifies a family a salamanders) is capitalized, but the adjective derived from it (plethodontid) is not. These derived forms can also used in place of the formal taxon names in some cases.
         Not everyone is as fond of plethodontid salamanders as Dr. Jockusch is.
         Newly discovered pongid fossils change our understanding of primate evolution.  These fossil pongids were found in Indonesia.
  • Common names should generally be capitalized.
         Turkey Vulture


Common Mistakes

  • The word “data” is the plural of “datum”. Therefore, it is correct to say that “the data show...” not “the data shows...”.
  • There is no such word as "specie." Species is used as the singular and plural.



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