Difference between revisions of "Ecosystems and Biogeochemistry"

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Biogeochemistry  
 
Biogeochemistry  
  
=== 17 October===
+
=== 17 November===
Biogeochemistry  
+
Biogeochemistry
  
=== 19 October ===
+
=== 19 November ===
 
Biogeochemistry
 
Biogeochemistry
  
Line 38: Line 38:
 
Tansley, Arthur George (prepared by Pedar Anker).  2002.  The temporal genetic series as a means of approach to philosophy.  Ecosystems 5:614-624.
 
Tansley, Arthur George (prepared by Pedar Anker).  2002.  The temporal genetic series as a means of approach to philosophy.  Ecosystems 5:614-624.
  
===Biogeochemsitry===
+
===Biogeochemistry===
 
Carpenter, S. R., K. L. Cottingham and D. E. Schindler.  1992.  Biotic feedbacks in lake phosphorus cycles.  Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:332-336.
 
Carpenter, S. R., K. L. Cottingham and D. E. Schindler.  1992.  Biotic feedbacks in lake phosphorus cycles.  Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:332-336.
  
Line 49: Line 49:
 
Vitousek, P. M., J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H.  
 
Vitousek, P. M., J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H.  
  
Schlesinger and D. G. Tilman.  1997.  Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:  sources and consequences.  Ecological Applications 7:737-750.  
+
Schlesinger, W. H. and D. G. Tilman.  1997.  Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:  sources and consequences.  Ecological Applications 7:737-750.  
  
 
==Supplemental Readings==
 
==Supplemental Readings==
 
===Ecosystem Ecology===
 
===Ecosystem Ecology===
 +
Allan, J. D. 2004.  Stream Ecology:  Structure and Function of Running Waters. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 +
 
Ayensu, E., D. van R. Claasen, M. Collins, A. Dearing, L. Fresco, M. Gadgil, H. Gitay, G. Glaser, C. Juma, J. Krebs, R. Lenton, J. Lubchenco, J. McNeeley, H. Mooney, P. Pinstrup-Andersen, M. Ramos, P. Raven, W. Reid, C. Samper, J. Sarukhán, P. Schei, J. Galizia Tundisi, R. Watson, Xu Guanhua and A. Zakri.  1999.  International Ecosystem Assessment.  Science 286:685-686.
 
Ayensu, E., D. van R. Claasen, M. Collins, A. Dearing, L. Fresco, M. Gadgil, H. Gitay, G. Glaser, C. Juma, J. Krebs, R. Lenton, J. Lubchenco, J. McNeeley, H. Mooney, P. Pinstrup-Andersen, M. Ramos, P. Raven, W. Reid, C. Samper, J. Sarukhán, P. Schei, J. Galizia Tundisi, R. Watson, Xu Guanhua and A. Zakri.  1999.  International Ecosystem Assessment.  Science 286:685-686.
  
Line 74: Line 76:
  
 
Hrbácek, J., M. Dvoráková, M. Korinek and L. Procházková.  1961.  Demonstration of the effect of the fish stock on the species composition of zooplankton and the intensity of metabolism of the whole plankton association.  Verh. der Internat. Verein. für Theor. Ang. Limnol. 14:192-195.
 
Hrbácek, J., M. Dvoráková, M. Korinek and L. Procházková.  1961.  Demonstration of the effect of the fish stock on the species composition of zooplankton and the intensity of metabolism of the whole plankton association.  Verh. der Internat. Verein. für Theor. Ang. Limnol. 14:192-195.
 +
 +
Jax, K.  2006.  Ecological units:  definitions and applications.  Quart. Rev. Biology 81(3):237-258.
  
 
Jones, C. G. and J. H. Lawton (eds.).  1995.  Linking Species and Ecosystems.  Chapman & Hall, Inc. New York.  387 pp.
 
Jones, C. G. and J. H. Lawton (eds.).  1995.  Linking Species and Ecosystems.  Chapman & Hall, Inc. New York.  387 pp.
Line 86: Line 90:
  
 
Likens, G. E.  2001.  Ecosystems:  Energetics and Biogeochemistry.  pp.  53-88.  In:  W. J. Kress and G. Barrett (eds.).  A New Century of Biology.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
 
Likens, G. E.  2001.  Ecosystems:  Energetics and Biogeochemistry.  pp.  53-88.  In:  W. J. Kress and G. Barrett (eds.).  A New Century of Biology.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
 +
 +
Likens, G. E. and J. F. Franklin.  2009.  Ecosystem Thinking in the Northern Forest – and Beyond.  BioScience 59(6):511-513.
  
 
Lindeman, R. L.  1942.  The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.  Ecology 23:399-418.
 
Lindeman, R. L.  1942.  The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.  Ecology 23:399-418.
 +
 +
Lindenmayer, D. and G. E. Likens.  2009.  Adaptive monitoring:  a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring.  Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE) 24(9):482-486.
 +
 +
McDonnell, M. J., A. K. Hahs and J. H. Breuste.  2009.  Ecology of Cities and Towns.  Cambridge Academic Press.
 +
 +
Neill, C. and J. Gignoux.  2008.  Prediction of non-equilibrium dynamics in ecosystems:  from dogs and fleas to molecules and organisms.  J. Statistical Mechanics:  Theory and Experiment.  IOP Publishing.  11 pp.  doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/01/PO1001
 +
 +
Neill, C., T. Daufresne and C. G. Jones.  2009.  A competitive coexistence principle?  Oikos 118:1570-1578.
  
 
Odum, H. T.  1957.  Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida.  Ecol. Monogr. 27:55-112.
 
Odum, H. T.  1957.  Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida.  Ecol. Monogr. 27:55-112.
Line 97: Line 111:
 
Odum, E. P.  1969.  The strategy of ecosystem development.  Science 164:262-270.
 
Odum, E. P.  1969.  The strategy of ecosystem development.  Science 164:262-270.
  
O’Neill, R. V.  2001.  Is it time to ury the ecosystem concept? (with full military honors, of course!).  Ecology 82(12):3275-3284.
+
O’Neill, R. V.  2001.  Is it time to bury the ecosystem concept? (with full military honors, of course!).  Ecology 82(12):3275-3284.
  
 
Pace, M. L. and P. M. Groffman (eds.).  1998.  Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science.  Springer-Verlag New York Inc.  499 pp.
 
Pace, M. L. and P. M. Groffman (eds.).  1998.  Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science.  Springer-Verlag New York Inc.  499 pp.
  
Pace, M. L., J. J. Cole, S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, M. van de Bogert, D. L.  
+
Pace, M.L., J.J. Cole, S.R. Carpenter, J.F. Kitchell, J.R. Hodgson, M. Van de Bogert, D.L. Bade, E.S. Kritzberg, and D. Bastviken. 2004. Whole lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs. Nature 427: 240-243.
 
+
Bade, E. S. Kritzberg and D. Bastviken. 2004. Whole lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs. Nature 427:240-243.
+
  
 
Paine, R. T.  1980.  Food webs:  linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure.  J. Animal Ecol. 49:667-685.
 
Paine, R. T.  1980.  Food webs:  linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure.  J. Animal Ecol. 49:667-685.
Line 118: Line 130:
  
 
Vitousek, P. M., P. R. Ehrlich, A. H. Erhlich and P. A. Matson.  1986.  Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis.  BioScience 36:368-373.
 
Vitousek, P. M., P. R. Ehrlich, A. H. Erhlich and P. A. Matson.  1986.  Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis.  BioScience 36:368-373.
 +
 +
Walker, B. and D. Salt.  2006.  Resilience Thinking.  Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World.  Island Press, Washington, DC.
  
 
Webb, C. T.  2007.  What is the role of ecology in understanding Ecosystem Resilience?  BioScience 57(6):470-471.
 
Webb, C. T.  2007.  What is the role of ecology in understanding Ecosystem Resilience?  BioScience 57(6):470-471.
 +
 +
Wetzel, R.G.  2001.  Limnology.  Third Edition.  Elsevier Publishing.
 +
 
=== Biogeochemsitry===
 
=== Biogeochemsitry===
 
Aber, J. D., K. J. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler and J. M. Melillo. 1989.  Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems.  BioScience 39:378-386.
 
Aber, J. D., K. J. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler and J. M. Melillo. 1989.  Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems.  BioScience 39:378-386.
 +
 +
Bailey, S. W., S. B. Horsley and R. P. Long. 2005. Thirty years of change in forest soils of the Allegheny Plateau, Pennsylvania. Soil Sci Soc Am J 69: 681-690.
  
 
Bernhardt, E. S. and G. E. Likens.  2002.  Dissolved organic carbon enrichment alters nitrogen dynamics in a forest stream.  Ecology 83:1689-1700.
 
Bernhardt, E. S. and G. E. Likens.  2002.  Dissolved organic carbon enrichment alters nitrogen dynamics in a forest stream.  Ecology 83:1689-1700.
Line 132: Line 151:
  
 
Cole, J. J., N. Caraco, G. W. Kling and T. W. Kratz.  1994.  Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lake.  Science 265:1568-1570.
 
Cole, J. J., N. Caraco, G. W. Kling and T. W. Kratz.  1994.  Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lake.  Science 265:1568-1570.
 +
 +
Conley, D. J., H. W. Paerl, R. W. Howarth, D. F. Boesch, S. P. Seitzinger, K. E. Havens, C. Lancelot and G. E. Likens.  2009.  Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus.  Science 323:1014-1015.
  
 
Elser, J. J., E. R. Marzolf and C. R. Goldman.  1990.  Phosphorous and nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwaters of North America:  a review and critique of experimental enrichments.  Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:1468-1477.
 
Elser, J. J., E. R. Marzolf and C. R. Goldman.  1990.  Phosphorous and nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwaters of North America:  a review and critique of experimental enrichments.  Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:1468-1477.
Line 144: Line 165:
  
 
Hasler, A. D. and W. G. Einsele.  1948.  Fertilization for increasing productivity of natural inland waters. Trans. North Amer. Wildlife Conf. 13:527-555.
 
Hasler, A. D. and W. G. Einsele.  1948.  Fertilization for increasing productivity of natural inland waters. Trans. North Amer. Wildlife Conf. 13:527-555.
 +
 +
Hawley G. J., P. G. Schaberg, C. Eagar and C. H. Borer.  2006.  Calcium addition at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest reduced winter injury to red spruce in a high-injury year.  Can J For Res 36: 2544-2549.
  
 
Hutchinson, G. E.  1973.  Eutrophication:  The scientific background of a contemporary practical problem.  Amer. Sci. 61:269-279.
 
Hutchinson, G. E.  1973.  Eutrophication:  The scientific background of a contemporary practical problem.  Amer. Sci. 61:269-279.
 +
 +
Jeziorski, A., N. D. Yan, A. M. Paterson, A. M. DeSellas, M. A. Turner, D. S. Jeffries, B. Keller, R. C. Weeber, D. K. McNicol, M. E. Palmer, K. McIver, K. Arseneau, B. K. Ginn, B. F. Cumming and J. P. Smol.  2008.  The widespread threat of calcium decline in fresh waters.  Science 322: 1374-1377.
 +
 +
Johnson, N. M., C. T. Driscoll, J. S. Eaton, G. E. Likens and W. H. McDowell.  1981.  "Acid rain," dissolved aluminum and chemical weathering at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire.  Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45: 1421-1437.
  
 
Keeling, R. F., N. P. Raymond, M. L. Bender and P. P. Tans.  1993.  What atmospheric oxygen measurements can tell us about the global carbon cycle.  Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7:37-67.
 
Keeling, R. F., N. P. Raymond, M. L. Bender and P. P. Tans.  1993.  What atmospheric oxygen measurements can tell us about the global carbon cycle.  Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7:37-67.
 +
 +
Keith, H., B. G. Mackey and D. B. Lindenmayer.  2009.  Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world’s most carbon-dense forests.  PNAS 106(28):11635-11640.
  
 
Kling, G. W., W. C. Evans, G. Tanyileke, M. Kusakabe, T. Ohba, Y. Yoshida and J. V. Hell. 2005. Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: defusing certain disaster.  Proc. National Acad. Sci. 102: 14185-14190.
 
Kling, G. W., W. C. Evans, G. Tanyileke, M. Kusakabe, T. Ohba, Y. Yoshida and J. V. Hell. 2005. Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: defusing certain disaster.  Proc. National Acad. Sci. 102: 14185-14190.
 +
 +
Lawrence, G. B., M. B. David and W. C. Shortle.  1995.  A new mechanism for calcium loss in forest-floor soils.  Nature 378: 162-165.
  
 
Likens, G. E.  1972.  Eutrophication and aquatic ecosystems.  pp. 3-13.  In: G. E. Likens (ed.).  Nutrients and Eutrophication.  Proc. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Special Symposia, Vol. 1.  Lawrence, Kansas.
 
Likens, G. E.  1972.  Eutrophication and aquatic ecosystems.  pp. 3-13.  In: G. E. Likens (ed.).  Nutrients and Eutrophication.  Proc. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Special Symposia, Vol. 1.  Lawrence, Kansas.
Line 157: Line 188:
 
Likens, G. E.  2004.  Some perspectives on long-term biogeochemical research from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study.  Ecology 85(9):2355-2362.
 
Likens, G. E.  2004.  Some perspectives on long-term biogeochemical research from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study.  Ecology 85(9):2355-2362.
  
Likens, G. E. and  F. H. Bormann.  1995.  Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem.         Second Edition, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.  159 pp.
+
Likens, G. E. and  F. H. Bormann.  1995.  Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem.   Second Edition, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.  159 pp.
 +
 
 +
Lindenmayer, D. and G. E. Likens.  2009.  Adaptive monitoring:  a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring.  Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE) 24(9):482-486.
 +
 
 +
Long, R. P., S. B. Horsley, R. A. Hallett and S. W. Bailey.  2009.  Sugar maple growth in relation to nutrition and stress in the northeastern United States.  Ecol Appl.  In press.
  
 
Pace, M. L., J. J. Cole, S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, M. van de Bogert, D. L. Bade, E. S. Kritzberg and D. Bastviken.  2004.  Whole lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs.  Nature 427:240-243.
 
Pace, M. L., J. J. Cole, S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, M. van de Bogert, D. L. Bade, E. S. Kritzberg and D. Bastviken.  2004.  Whole lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs.  Nature 427:240-243.
  
 
Peterson, B. J., R. W. Howarth and R. H. Garritt.  1985.  Multiple stable isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine food webs.  Science 227:1361-1363.
 
Peterson, B. J., R. W. Howarth and R. H. Garritt.  1985.  Multiple stable isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine food webs.  Science 227:1361-1363.
 +
 +
Postel, S. L., G. C. Dailey and P. R. Ehrlich.  1996.  Human appropriation of renewable fresh water.  Science 271: 785-788.
  
 
Redfield, A. C.  1958.  The biological control of chemical factors in the environment.  Amer. Sci. 46:206-226.
 
Redfield, A. C.  1958.  The biological control of chemical factors in the environment.  Amer. Sci. 46:206-226.
Line 182: Line 219:
  
 
Vanni, M. J.  2002.  Nutrient cycling by animals in freshwater ecosystems.  Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33:341-370.
 
Vanni, M. J.  2002.  Nutrient cycling by animals in freshwater ecosystems.  Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33:341-370.
 +
 +
Vernadsky, V.  1986.  The Biosphere.  Synergetic Press, London.
 +
 +
Vernadsky, V.  2007.  Geochemistry and The Biosphere.  Synergetic Press, Santa Fe, NM.
  
 
Vitousek, P. M.  2004.  Nutrient Cycling and Limitation.  Hawai’i as a Model System.  Princeton Univ. Press.  223 pp.
 
Vitousek, P. M.  2004.  Nutrient Cycling and Limitation.  Hawai’i as a Model System.  Princeton Univ. Press.  223 pp.
Line 188: Line 229:
  
 
Vollenweider, R. A.  1968.  Scientific fundamentals of lake and stream eutrophication, with particular reference to phosphorus and nitrogen as eutrophication factors. Tech. Report DAS/DSI/68-27.  OECD, Paris, France.
 
Vollenweider, R. A.  1968.  Scientific fundamentals of lake and stream eutrophication, with particular reference to phosphorus and nitrogen as eutrophication factors. Tech. Report DAS/DSI/68-27.  OECD, Paris, France.
 +
 +
Warby, R.A.F., C. E. Johnson and C. T. Driscoll.  2009.  Continuing acidification of organic soils across the northeastern USA:  1984-2001.  Soil Sci Soc Am J 73: 274-284.
 +
 +
[[Category:EEB Seminars]]

Latest revision as of 16:40, 18 November 2009

Justice.jpg

Course Description

Ecosystems and Biogeochemistry


Ecosystem topics on 29 September, 1 and 6 October and Biogeochemistry topics on 8, 13, 17 and 19 October at 1:30pm in the Bamford Room Discussions led by Dr. Gene E. Likens, Distinguished Research Professor

Course Outline

29 September 2009

Ecosystems

1 October

Ecosystems

6 October

Ecosystems

8 October

Biogeochemistry

13 October

Biogeochemistry

17 November

Biogeochemistry

19 November

Biogeochemistry

Assigned Readings

Ecosystem Ecology

Likens, G. E. 1998. Limitations to intellectual progress in ecosystem science. pp. 247-271. In: M. L. Pace and P. M. Groffman (eds.)., Successes, Limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. 7th Cary Conference, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Anker, P. 2002. The context of ecosystem theory. Ecosystems 5:611-613.

Tansley, Arthur George (prepared by Pedar Anker). 2002. The temporal genetic series as a means of approach to philosophy. Ecosystems 5:614-624.

Biogeochemistry

Carpenter, S. R., K. L. Cottingham and D. E. Schindler. 1992. Biotic feedbacks in lake phosphorus cycles. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:332-336.

Elser, J. 2006. Biological stoichiometry: a chemical bridge between ecosystem ecology and evolutionary biology. Amer. Natur. 168:S25-S35.

Likens, G. E. and D. C. Buso. 2006. Variation in streamwater chemistry throughout the Hubbard Brook Valley. Biogeochemistry 78:1-30.

Vernadsky, W. I. 1945. The biosphere and the noösphere. Amer. Sci. 33:1-12.

Vitousek, P. M., J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H.

Schlesinger, W. H. and D. G. Tilman. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecological Applications 7:737-750.

Supplemental Readings

Ecosystem Ecology

Allan, J. D. 2004. Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Ayensu, E., D. van R. Claasen, M. Collins, A. Dearing, L. Fresco, M. Gadgil, H. Gitay, G. Glaser, C. Juma, J. Krebs, R. Lenton, J. Lubchenco, J. McNeeley, H. Mooney, P. Pinstrup-Andersen, M. Ramos, P. Raven, W. Reid, C. Samper, J. Sarukhán, P. Schei, J. Galizia Tundisi, R. Watson, Xu Guanhua and A. Zakri. 1999. International Ecosystem Assessment. Science 286:685-686.

Baines, S. B. and M. L. Pace. 1991. The production of dissolved organic matter by phytoplankton and its importance to bacteria: patterns across marine and freshwater systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36:1078-1090.

Carpenter, S. 1998. The need for large-scale experiments to assess and predict the response of ecosystems to perturbation. pp. 287-312. In: M. L. Pace and P. M. Groffman (eds.). Successes, Limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Carpenter, S. R. and J. F. Kitchell. 1993. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge University Press.

Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, S. Naeem, K. Limburg, J. Paruelo, R. V. O’Neill et al. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260.

Cole, J. J., S. Findlay and M. L. Pace. 1988. Bacterial production in fresh and saltwater ecosystems: a cross-system overview. Marine Ecology Progress Series 43:1-10.

Cole, J. J., M. L. Pace, S. R. Carpenter and J. F. Kitchell. 2000. Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(8):1718-1730.

Evans, F. C. 1956. Ecosystem as a basic unit in ecology. Science 123:1127-1128.

Golley, F. B. 1993. A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT.

Hagen, J. B. 1992. An Entangled Bank. The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. Rutgers Univ. Press, New Brunswick, NJ.

Hrbácek, J., M. Dvoráková, M. Korinek and L. Procházková. 1961. Demonstration of the effect of the fish stock on the species composition of zooplankton and the intensity of metabolism of the whole plankton association. Verh. der Internat. Verein. für Theor. Ang. Limnol. 14:192-195.

Jax, K. 2006. Ecological units: definitions and applications. Quart. Rev. Biology 81(3):237-258.

Jones, C. G. and J. H. Lawton (eds.). 1995. Linking Species and Ecosystems. Chapman & Hall, Inc. New York. 387 pp.

Juday, C. 1940. The annual energy budget of an inland lake. Ecology 21:438-450.

Kerkhoff, A. J. and B. J. Enquist. 2007. The implications of scaling approaches for understanding resilience and reorganization in ecosystems. BioScience 57(6):489-499.

Lewis, W. M., S. K. Hamilton, M. A. Rodriguez, J. F. Saunders and M. A. Lasi. 2001. Foodweb analysis of the Orinoco floodplain based on production estimates and stable isotope data. Journal of the North American Benthylogical Society 20:241-254.

Likens, G. E. 1992. The Ecosystem Approach: Its Use and Abuse. Excellence in Ecology, Vol. 3. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. 167 pp.

Likens, G. E. 2001. Ecosystems: Energetics and Biogeochemistry. pp. 53-88. In: W. J. Kress and G. Barrett (eds.). A New Century of Biology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.

Likens, G. E. and J. F. Franklin. 2009. Ecosystem Thinking in the Northern Forest – and Beyond. BioScience 59(6):511-513.

Lindeman, R. L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23:399-418.

Lindenmayer, D. and G. E. Likens. 2009. Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring. Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE) 24(9):482-486.

McDonnell, M. J., A. K. Hahs and J. H. Breuste. 2009. Ecology of Cities and Towns. Cambridge Academic Press.

Neill, C. and J. Gignoux. 2008. Prediction of non-equilibrium dynamics in ecosystems: from dogs and fleas to molecules and organisms. J. Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. IOP Publishing. 11 pp. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/01/PO1001

Neill, C., T. Daufresne and C. G. Jones. 2009. A competitive coexistence principle? Oikos 118:1570-1578.

Odum, H. T. 1957. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 27:55-112.

Odum, E. P. 1959. Fundamentals of Ecology, 2nd edition, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 546 pp.

Odum, E. P. 1962. Relationships between structure and function of the ecosystem. Japanese Journal of Ecology 12(3):108-118.

Odum, E. P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164:262-270.

O’Neill, R. V. 2001. Is it time to bury the ecosystem concept? (with full military honors, of course!). Ecology 82(12):3275-3284.

Pace, M. L. and P. M. Groffman (eds.). 1998. Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 499 pp.

Pace, M.L., J.J. Cole, S.R. Carpenter, J.F. Kitchell, J.R. Hodgson, M. Van de Bogert, D.L. Bade, E.S. Kritzberg, and D. Bastviken. 2004. Whole lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs. Nature 427: 240-243.

Paine, R. T. 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure. J. Animal Ecol. 49:667-685.

Post, D. M., M. L. Pace and N. G. Hairston, Jr. 2000. Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes. Nature 45:1047-1049.

Reiners, W. A. 1986. Complementary models for ecosystems. Amer. Natur. 127:59-73.

Strayer, D. L. 1988. On the limits to secondary production. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:1217-1220.

Tansley, A. G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16:284-307.

Turner, B. L., II, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Matthews and W. B. Meyer (eds.). 1990. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge and New York.

Vitousek, P. M., P. R. Ehrlich, A. H. Erhlich and P. A. Matson. 1986. Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience 36:368-373.

Walker, B. and D. Salt. 2006. Resilience Thinking. Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Island Press, Washington, DC.

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