Difference between revisions of "Algae around UConn"
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− | [[Image: | + | [[Image:plankton_webster.jpg|430px|right|]] |
− | + | =THIS PROJECT IS CURRENTLY TRANSITIONING TO iNaturalist= | |
− | + | [http://www.inaturalist.org/projects/freshwater-algae-of-new-england click here for the current status of 'Freshwater Algae of New England'] | |
− | + | ||
− | [ | + | |
− | ==[http://tolweb.org/Stramenopiles/2380 Stramenopiles] | + | [[Image:TOL-eukaryota.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Simplified diagram of the eukaryotic tree of life highlighting lineages containing photosynthetic organisms - algae]] |
− | Many microscopic and macroscopic algae belong to the group called Stramenopiles (also referred to as heterokonts). Diatoms, Chrysophytes, and Synurophytes are microscopic, and Phaeophytes (kelps, or brown algae) are mostly macroscopic and marine. | + | =Biodiversity hidden to the naked eye= |
− | *''Dinobryon'' is a colonial flagellated alga from the class Chrysophyceae. Another colonial chrysophyte is ''Uroglenopsis'', also found in CT | + | Microorganisms are incredibly diverse. A small sample of water from a local pond can contain dozens of species - some related to plants, some related to fungi, and some belonging to completely different, ancient lineages of eukaryotes (see simplified eukaryotic tree of life above). Algae are a subset of this diversity: they are organisms that contain a photosynthetic organelle (plastid). Here are a few examples of the charismatic algae found in the vicinity of the University of Connecticut. <br> |
− | + | [https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zWGjAyPbB6X0.kb_mF9uNu_eQ Click here to see the map of localities sampled so far]<br> | |
+ | Current total: 161 species!<br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | =[http://tolweb.org/Stramenopiles/2380 Stramenopiles]= | ||
+ | Many microscopic and macroscopic algae belong to the group called Stramenopiles (also referred to as heterokonts). Diatoms, Chrysophytes, and Synurophytes are microscopic, and Phaeophytes (kelps, or brown algae) are mostly macroscopic and marine. <br> | ||
+ | ==Chrysophytes and Synurophytes== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Dinobryon'' is a colonial flagellated alga from the class Chrysophyceae. Another colonial chrysophyte is ''Uroglenopsis'', also found in CT. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | | + | | [[Image:Uroglenopsis.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Uroglenopsis'' cf. ''americana'' from Middle Bolton Lake, Vernon, CT; [http://youtu.be/xDhYQMy1xXo video here]]] || [[Image:Dinobryon.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Dinobryon'' cf. ''cylindricum'' from Walker Reservoir, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Chrysosphaerella.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Chrysosphaerella longispina'' from Knowlton Pond, Ashford, CT]] || [[Image:Ochromonas.jpg|180px|thumb|center|A tiny flagellate, possibly ''Ochromonas'' sp. from EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT; [http://youtu.be/cVnPyzWE8bE video here]]] |
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | * Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) are very common not only in freshwater habitats, but also in marine environments. They can be solitary cells or form chains or stalked colonies. | + | *''Synura'' is a genus of the Synurophyceae, the sister group of Chrysophyceae. Their plastids give members of both groups a typical golden-brown color. Synurophyceae have cells covered with siliceous scales and detailed examination of scale morphology is often needed for species identification. Colonies of ''Synura'' are not the most elegant of swimmers, but are fun to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYgIEOfo8J0&feature=youtu.be watch] tumbling around. |
+ | *''Mallomonas'' is a common solitary synurophyte. Its cells are also covered in scales and often equipped with long bristles attached to the scales. Note how large the cell is in comparison to the individual cells in the colony of ''Synura''. | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Synura.jpg|220px|thumb|center|''Synura'' cf.''uvella'' from Walker Reservoir, Vernon, CT; [http://youtu.be/yYgIEOfo8J0 video here]]] || [[Image:Synura_caroliniana.jpg|230px|thumb|center|''Synura'' cf. ''caroliniana'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Mallomonas_caudata.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Mallomonas caudata'' from Bone Mill Pond, Storrs, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Diatoms== | ||
+ | * Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) are very common not only in freshwater habitats, but also in marine environments. They can be solitary cells or form chains or stalked colonies. Their cells are enclosed in siliceous cases called frustules, which bear fine ornamentation best visible under high magnifications or under a scanning microscope. These fine structures of the frustules are used to identify diatom species. | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Nitzschia_sp.jpg|140px|thumb|center|''Nitzschia'' sp. from Mirror Lake, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Pinnularia.jpg|200px|thumb|center|empty frustule of ''Pinnularia'' sp. from Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Epithemia.jpg|140px|thumb|center|''Epithemia'' sp. from Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Surirella.jpg|140px|thumb|center|''Surirella'' sp. from Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Cymbella.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Cymbella'' sp. from Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Stauroneis_sp.jpg|180px|thumb|center|''Stauroneis'' sp. from from Knowlton Pond, Ashford, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image:Melosira.jpg|thumb|center|''Melosira'' sp., a common chain-forming diatom from Middle Bolton Lake, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Nitzschia.jpg|thumb| | + | | [[Image:Melosira.jpg|thumb|center|''Melosira'' sp., a common chain-forming diatom from Middle Bolton Lake, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Nitzschia.jpg|thumb|70px|center|''Nitzschia sigma'', a unicellular diatom from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Tabellaria.jpg|thumb|center|''Tabellaria'' sp., a common colony-forming diatom from Middle Bolton Lake, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Rhopalodia.jpg|thumb|180px|center|''Rhopalodia gibba'', a unicellular diatom from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Gomphonema.jpg|thumb|180px|center|''Gomphonema'' sp. from River Park, Tolland, CT]] || [[Image:Navicula.jpg|thumb|180px|center|''Navicula'' sp. from Knowlton Pond, Ashford, CT]] |
− | [[Image:Rhopalodia.jpg|thumb| | + | |
|} | |} | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image:Cocconeis.jpg|thumb|center|''Cocconeis'' sp., a unicellular diatom from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Gomphoneis.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Gomphoneis'' sp. from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT]] | + | | [[Image:Cocconeis.jpg|thumb|center|''Cocconeis'' sp., a unicellular diatom from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Gomphoneis.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Gomphoneis'' sp. from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT]] || [[Image:Asterionella.jpg|220px|thumb|center|''Asterionella'' sp. from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Eunotia_serra.jpg|130px|thumb|center|''Eunotia serra'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Eunotia_sp.jpg|210px|thumb|center|''Eunotia'' sp. from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Neidium_sp.jpg|130px|thumb|center|''Neidium'' sp. from a marsh at Bigelow Hollow, Union, CT]] |
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | | [[Image:Eunotia_sp2.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Eunotia pectinalis'' var. ''undulata'' from Knowlton Pond, Ashford, CT]] || [[Image:Eunotia_Natchaug.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Eunotia'' sp. from stream by Nathaniel Lyon Memorial Park, Eastford, CT]] || [[Image:Cymatopleura_solea.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Cymatopleura solea'' from Hillside Environmental Education Park, Storrs, CT]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | == | + | ==Raphidophytes== |
+ | *''Gonyostomum'' is one of the few members of the small phylum Raphidophyta. It can form nuisance blooms. | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Gonyostomum.jpg|thumb|center|''Gonyostomum semen'' from a wetland at Bigelow Hollow, Union, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Cryptophytes= | ||
+ | *Cryptophyta is an ancient lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes. One of the few common species is the flagellate ''Cryptomonas'', which can be found in most water bodies in CT. | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Cryptomonas.jpg|thumb|center|''Cryptomonas'' sp. from a tank in the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | =Dinoflagellates= | ||
Dinoflagellates are members of the Alveolata, a group related to the Stramenopiles. ''Ceratium'' and ''Peridinium'' are common freshwater genera. | Dinoflagellates are members of the Alveolata, a group related to the Stramenopiles. ''Ceratium'' and ''Peridinium'' are common freshwater genera. | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image:Ceratium.jpg| | + | | [[Image:Ceratium.jpg|160px|thumb|center|''Ceratium hirundinella'' from Middle Bolton Lake, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Peridinium.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Peridinium'' cf. ''cinctum'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Gymnodinium.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Parvodinium umbonatum'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Gymnodinium_sp.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Gymnodinium'' sp. from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Peridinium_aciculiferum.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Peridinium aciculiferum'' from Brown Hill Marsh, Chaplin, CT]] |
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
− | == | + | | [[Image:Peridinium_limbatum.jpg|160px|thumb|center|''Peridinium limbatum'' from Shenipsit Lake, Ellington, CT]] |
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Cyanobacteria= | ||
+ | Some "algae" are not even eukaryotic - the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria (some of which gave rise to chloroplasts) are sometimes also referred to as "blue-green algae". They are morphologically diverse, ranging from unicellular to colonial to filamentous. They are very common and in some cases even form toxic blooms. | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Gloeocapsa.jpg|thumb|center|''Gloeothece'' sp. from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:blue-gree.jpg|thumb|center|unidentified colonial cyanobacterium, possibly ''Snowella'' sp. from the pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Hapalosiphon.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Hapalosiphon'' sp. from the pond on Eldredge Rd., Willington, CT]] || [[Image:Oscillatoria.jpg|80px|thumb|center|''Oscillatoria'' sp. from the Cedar Swamp, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Nostoc.jpg|230px|thumb|center|''Nostoc'' sp., a colony-forming cyanobacterium from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Tolypothrix.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Tolypothrix'' sp., a filamentous cyanobacterium and its characteristic "false branching"; from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Lyngbya.jpg|thumb|center|''Lyngbya'' sp., a large sheathed filamentous cyanobacterium from Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Leibleinia.jpg|thumb|center|''Leibleinia'', a small filamentous cyanobacterium growing epiphytically on ''Lyngbya''; Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Woronichinia_naegeliana.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Woronichinia naegeliana'' a cyanobacterium forming compact, round, hollow colonies; Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Chroococcus_sp.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Chroococcus'' sp. from Pine Acres Lake, Hampton, CT]] || [[Image:Merismopedia_elegans_sp.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Merismopedia elegans'' from Pine Acres Lake, Hampton, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Rhodophyta= | ||
+ | Rhodophyta, or red algae, are common in marine habitats and are especially diverse in the tropics. Several of these macroscopic seaweeds are used for human consumption, e.g., ''Porphyra'' or nori is used for sushi wraps. There are freshwater rhodophytes, though, both microscopic and macroscopic. The branched filaments of ''Batrachospermum'' and ''Tuomeya'' are often found in small streams, while the unbranched, stiff and knobby filaments of ''Lemanea'' typically grow in tufts around dams. These algae are macroscopic but hard to find if you don't know what you are looking for. All three genera occur in Connecticut. | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Lemanea_macro.jpg|thumb|center|''Lemanea'' sp. from Eagleville Dam, Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Lemanea_smushed.jpg|250px|thumb|center|close-up of a dissected filament of ''Lemanea'' sp. from Eagleville Dam, Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Lemanea_cortication.jpg|250px|thumb|center|close-up of the surface of a ''Lemanea'' filament, showing corticating cells; Eagleville Dam, Eagleville, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Tuomeya3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|''Tuomeya americana'' from Bigelow Brook, Ashford, CT; awesome photo taken by Ellen Woods]] || [[Image:Tuomeya1.jpg|400px|thumb|center|''Tuomeya americana'' from Bigelow Brook, Ashford, CT]] || [[Image:Tuomeya2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|close-up of ''Tuomeya americana'' from Bigelow Brook, Ashford, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Audouinella.jpg|300px|thumb|center|''Audouinella'' cf. ''hermannii'' from Fenton River, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Batrachospermum.jpg|300px|thumb|center|''Batrachospermum'' sp. from Hampton Reservoir, Hampton, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Euglenoids= | ||
Euglenoids are an ancient lineage most closely related to Kinetoplastida (best known for the parasite ''Trypanosoma''). They acquired photosynthetic abilities by engulfing a green alga - and therefore they may superficially resemble one. Among the commonly occurring genera are ''Euglena'', ''Trachelomonas'', and ''Phacus''. | Euglenoids are an ancient lineage most closely related to Kinetoplastida (best known for the parasite ''Trypanosoma''). They acquired photosynthetic abilities by engulfing a green alga - and therefore they may superficially resemble one. Among the commonly occurring genera are ''Euglena'', ''Trachelomonas'', and ''Phacus''. | ||
* Unlike green algae, which store energy in form of starch, euglenoids use a different carbohydrate, paramylon. The paramylon bodies are often large and of a white-ish, "shiny" appearance, like the one visible in the ''Phacus'' specimen below. | * Unlike green algae, which store energy in form of starch, euglenoids use a different carbohydrate, paramylon. The paramylon bodies are often large and of a white-ish, "shiny" appearance, like the one visible in the ''Phacus'' specimen below. | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image:Phacus.jpg|thumb|center|''Phacus orbicularis'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Trachelomonas_volvocina.jpg|thumb|center|''Trachelomonas volvocina'' from pond on Eldredge Rd., Willington, CT; [http://youtu.be/IaKVIHQEHIY video of another species here]]] | + | | [[Image:Phacus.jpg|thumb|center|''Phacus orbicularis'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Phacus_longicaudatus.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Phacus longicaudatus'' from River Park, Tolland, CT]] || [[Image:Phacus_tortus.jpg|thumb|center|''Phacus tortus'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Euglena.jpg|120px|thumb|center|''Euglena'' sp. from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT; video of another ''Euglena'' species from Tift Pond [http://youtu.be/wwPq45VCbM8 here]]] || [[Image:Eugllena_acus.jpg|170px|thumb|center|''Euglena acus'' from wetland on Airline Trail North, Eastford, CT]] || [[Image:Euglena_spirogyra.jpg|170px|thumb|center|''Euglena spirogyra'' from wetland on Airline Trail North, Eastford, CT]] |
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Trachelomonas_volvocina.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Trachelomonas volvocina'' from pond on Eldredge Rd., Willington, CT; [http://youtu.be/IaKVIHQEHIY video of another species here]]] || [[Image:Trachelomonas_armata.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Trachelomonas armata'' var. ''steinii'' from Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Strombomonas_sp.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Strombomonas'' sp. from Tift Pond, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Trachelomonas_hystrix.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Trachelomonas'' cf. ''hystrix'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Lepocinclis_ovum.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Lepocinclis ovum'' from wetland on Airline Trail North, Eastford, CT]] || [[Image:Lepocinclis_texta.jpg|180px|thumb|center|''Lepocinclis texta'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Euglena_sp.jpg|thumb|center|metabolic ''Euglena'' sp. from Barrows Academy pond, Windham, CT]] | ||
+ | |||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | + | =Green algae: Chlorophyta= | |
*Some algae grow on plants or on other algae - epiphytically. ''Aphanochaete'' from the order Chaetophorales, is an example of a green filamentous alga growing on another green filamentous alga, ''Oedogonium'' (order Oedogoniales). | *Some algae grow on plants or on other algae - epiphytically. ''Aphanochaete'' from the order Chaetophorales, is an example of a green filamentous alga growing on another green filamentous alga, ''Oedogonium'' (order Oedogoniales). | ||
*Other free-living filamentous algae are ''Microspora'', the branching ''Chaetophora'', the above mentioned ''Oedogonium'', and ''Bulbochaete'' - a relative of ''Oedogonium'' with branched filaments ending in long projections. | *Other free-living filamentous algae are ''Microspora'', the branching ''Chaetophora'', the above mentioned ''Oedogonium'', and ''Bulbochaete'' - a relative of ''Oedogonium'' with branched filaments ending in long projections. | ||
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{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image:Aphanochaete.jpg|thumb|center|''Aphanochaete repens'' growing epiphytically on ''Oedogonium''; from Walker Reservoir, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Chaetophora.jpg| | + | | [[Image:Aphanochaete.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Aphanochaete repens'' growing epiphytically on ''Oedogonium''; from Walker Reservoir, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Chaetophora.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Chaetophora'' sp. from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT]] || [[Image:Microspora.jpg|120px|thumb|center|''Microspora'' sp. from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT]] || [[Image:Oedogonium.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Oedogonium'' sp. from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT; [http://youtu.be/SSGM4exvNoE swimming cell video here]]] || [[Image:Bulbochaete.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Bulbochaete'' sp. from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] |
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image:Palmodictyon.jpg|thumb|center|''Palmodictyon varium'', an unusual not-quite-filamentous green alga from Cedar Swamp/Rt. 195, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Stigeoclonium.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Stigeoclonium flagelliferum'', a branching filamentous green alga related to ''Chaetophora'' and ''Aphanochaete''; from Cedar Swamp/Rt. 195, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Palmodictyon.jpg|220px|thumb|center|''Palmodictyon varium'', an unusual not-quite-filamentous green alga from Cedar Swamp/Rt. 195, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Stigeoclonium.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Stigeoclonium flagelliferum'', a branching filamentous green alga related to ''Chaetophora'' and ''Aphanochaete''; from Cedar Swamp/Rt. 195, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Stigeoclonium_tenue.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Stigeoclonium tenue'' from Eagleville Dam, Eagleville, CT; collection and photo by [[Nikolaus Schultz]] ]] || [[Image:Draparnaldia_plumosa.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Draparnaldia plumosa'', a charismatic filamentous alga from Eagleville Dam, Eagleville, CT; collection, photo, and [http://youtu.be/jZxqgyFZG64 video] by [[Nikolaus Schultz]] ]] |
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | + | {| | |
+ | | [[Image:Characium2.jpg|thumb|center|''Characium'' sp., another epiphytic green alga, Cedar Swamp, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Selenastrum.jpg|thumb|center|''Selenastrum capricornutum'', a colonial alga from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Quadrigula_chodatii.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Quadrigula chodatii'', a colonial alga related to ''Ankistrodesmus'', ''Kirchneriella'', and ''Selenastrum''; from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Trentepohlia_umbrina.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Trentepohlia'' cf. ''umbrina'', a filamentous alga from tree bark; Nipmuck trail south of Rt. 171, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Geminella.jpg|120px|thumb|center|''Geminella ellipsoidea'', Cedar Swamp, Mansfield, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
{| | {| | ||
+ | | [[Image:Ankistrodesmus.jpg|thumb|center|''Ankistrodesmus falcatus'', a colonial alga from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Kirchneriella.jpg|thumb|center|''Kirchneriella lunaris'', a colonial alga from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Dictyosphaerium_pulchellum.jpg|thumb|center|''Dictyosphaerium pulchellum'', a colonial alga from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Tetraedron_regulare.jpg|thumb|center|''Tetraedron regulare'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Tetraedron_enorme.jpg|thumb|center|''Tetraedron enorme'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] | ||
− | | [[Image:Stauridium_tetras.jpg|thumb|center|''Stauridium tetras'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Desmodesmus.jpg|thumb|center|''Desmodesmus denticulatus'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Coelastrum_microporum.jpg|thumb|center|''Coelastrum microporum'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] | + | |} |
+ | <br> | ||
+ | *Some green algae form colonies with defined numbers of cells (4, 8, 16, etc.). Such colonies are called coenobia. Commonly found coenobial green algae are ''Pediastrum'', ''Stauridium'', ''Coelastrum'', ''Desmodesmus'', and ''Scenedesmus'' from the order Sphaeropleales. Their sister order Volvocales also contains several coenobial representatives, for example: ''Eudorina'', '' Pleodorina'', [http://youtu.be/FJWfOa0YgoE ''Pandorina''], and ''Volvox''. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Stauridium_tetras.jpg|thumb|center|''Stauridium tetras'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Desmodesmus.jpg|thumb|center|''Desmodesmus denticulatus'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Coelastrum_microporum.jpg|thumb|center|''Coelastrum microporum'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Eudorina_elegans.jpg|thumb|center|''Eudorina elegans'', a coenobium of flagellates from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Pandorina_morum.jpg|thumb|center|''Pandorina morum'', a coenobium of tightly packed flagellates from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | | [[Image:Ped_angulosum.jpg|thumb|center|''Pediastrum angulosum'', a coenobial alga related to ''Stauridium'', from Halls Pond, Chaplin, CT]] || [[Image:Ped_duplex.jpg|thumb|center|''Pediastrum duplex'', a coenobial alga related to ''Stauridium'', from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Scenedesmus.jpg|thumb|center|''Scenedesmus acutus'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Coelastrum_cambricum.jpg|thumb|center|''Coelastrum cambricum'', a colonial alga from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Desmodesmus_quadricauda.jpg|thumb|center|''Desmodesmus quadricauda'', a coenobial alga from River Park, Tolland, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | | [[Image:Sorastrum_americanum.jpg|thumb|center|''Sorastrum americanum'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Scenedesmus_sp2.jpg|thumb|center|Another species of ''Scenedesmus'' from a tank in the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Nephrocytium_agardhianum.jpg|thumb|center|''Nephrocytium agardhianum'', a colonial alga from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Cylindrocapsa_geminella.jpg|120px|thumb|center|''Cylindrocapsa geminella'', a filamentous alga from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Actidesmium_hookeri.jpg|300px|thumb|center|''Actidesmium hookeri'', a colonial green alga from Shenipsit Lake, Ellington, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | | [[Image:Volvox_aureus.jpg|580px|thumb|center|''Volvox aureus'', a coenobial alga from a tank in the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT; details of the coenobium including connections between cells are shown in close-up insets]] || [[Image:Tetraspora.jpg|460px|thumb|center|''Tetraspora gelatinosa'', a colonial alga from the stream by N. Lyon Memorial Park, Eastford, CT; detail on colony edge with non-funcional pseudocilia (top inset) and motile flagellated zoospores (bottom inset); video of swarmers here: https://youtu.be/fAVwsG5zHoo]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | =Green algae: Streptophyta= | |
+ | ==Conjugating green algae (Zygnemophyceae)== | ||
+ | ===Desmidiales=== | ||
*The order Desmidiales contains some of the most spectacular of algae. Many species of the crescent-shaped ''Closterium'' can be found in the Northeast, as well as ''Cosmarium'', ''Staurastrum'', ''Euastrum'', ''Micrasterias'', ''Xanthidium'', and others. | *The order Desmidiales contains some of the most spectacular of algae. Many species of the crescent-shaped ''Closterium'' can be found in the Northeast, as well as ''Cosmarium'', ''Staurastrum'', ''Euastrum'', ''Micrasterias'', ''Xanthidium'', and others. | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Xanthidium_antilopaeum.jpg|thumb|center|''Xanthidium antilopaeum'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Cosmarium1.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium'' sp. from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT]] || [[Image:Cosmarium_granatum.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium granatum'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Cosmarium_contractum.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium contractum'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Staurastrum.jpg|thumb|left|''Staurastrum'' cf. ''hirsutum'' from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Tetmemorus_brebissonii.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Tetmemorus brebissonii'' from a marsh at Bigelow Hollow, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Tetmemorus_granulatus.jpg|180px|thumb|center|''Tetmemorus granulatus'' from a marsh at Bigelow Hollow, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Micrasterias_mahabuleshwarensis.jpg|280px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias mahabuleshwarensis'' var. ''ringens'' from Halls Pond, Chaplin, CT]] || [[Image:Onychonema_laeve.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Onychonema laeve'' from Halls Pond, Chaplin, CT]] || [[Image:Spondylosium luetkemuelleri.jpg|200px|thumb|center| empty cell walls of ''Spondylosium luetkemuelleri'' from Halls Pond, Chaplin, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
{| | {| | ||
Line 78: | Line 195: | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Closterium3.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Closterium'' cf. ''kuetzingii'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Closterium4.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Closterium'' sp. from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Closterium_parvulum.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Closterium parvulum'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville Rd., CT]] || [[Image:Pleurotaenium_trabecula.jpg|120px|thumb|center|''Pleurotaenium trabecula'' from Knowlton Pond, Ashford, CT]] || [[Image:Cosmarium_portianum.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium portianum'' from Barrows Academy Pond, Windham, CT]] || [[Image:Cosmarium_speciosum.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium speciosum'' from Barrows Academy Pond, Windham, CT]] |
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | |[[Image:Hyalotheca.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Hyalotheca dissiliens'', a filamentous desmid from Cedar Swamp/Rt. 195, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Desmidium.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Desmidium grevillei'', a filamentous desmid from Cedar Swamp/Rt. 195, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Desmidium_swartzii.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Desmidium swartzii'', a filamentous desmid from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Sphaerozosma.jpg|120px|thumb|center|''Spondylosium'' cf. ''pulchrum'', a filamentous desmid from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Teilingia.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Teilingia'' sp., a small filamentous desmid from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] |
+ | |||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | |||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Euastrum_cf_pulchellum.jpg|thumb|center|''Euastrum'' cf. ''pulchellum'' from pond on Forest Rd., Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Euastrum_binale.jpg|thumb|center|''Euastrum binale'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Euastrum_bidentatum.jpg|thumb|center|''Euastrum bidentatum'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Euastrum_affube.jpg|300px|thumb|center|''Euastrum affine'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Euastrum_denticulatum.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Euastrum denticulatum'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] |
+ | |||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | |||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Micrasterias.jpg|500px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias radiosa'', a large desmid from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Micrasterias_truncata.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias truncata'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Micrasterias_laticeps.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias laticeps'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] |
+ | |||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
− | + | | [[Image:Pleurotaenium_nodosum.jpg|120px|thumb|center|''Pleurotaenium nodosum'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Staurastrum_arctiscon.jpg|thumb|center|''Staurastrum arctiscon'' from Knowlton Pond, Ashford, CT]] || [[Image:Bambusina.jpg|130px|thumb|center|''Bambusina brebissonii'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Staurodesmus_convergens.jpg|thumb|center|''Staurodesmus convergens'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Staurastrum_ophiura.jpg|thumb|center|''Staurastrum'' cf. ''ophiura'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Cosmarium_amoenum.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium amoenum'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] | |
− | + | |} | |
<br> | <br> | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Micrasterias_denticulata.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias denticulata'' from Bigelow Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Micrasterias_rotata.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias rotata'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Micrasterias_rotata_japonica.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias rotata'' var. ''japonica'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Cosmarium_subcucumis.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium subcucumis'' from Bigelow Pond, Union, CT]] |
|} | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Xanthidium_cristatum.jpg|180px|thumb|center|''Xanthidium cristatum'' from Pine Acres Lake, Chaplin, CT]] || [[Image:Micrasterias_radiata.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Micrasterias radiata'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Gonatozygon_aculeatum.jpg|150px|thumb|center|''Gonatozygon aculeatum'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Micrasterias_pinnatifida.jpg|230px|thumb|center|''MIcrasterias pinnatifida'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Cosmarium_comminsurale.jpg|thumb|center|''Cosmarium comminsurale'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Staurastrum_teliferum.jpg|thumb|center|''Staurastrum'' cf. ''teliferum'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Staurodesmus_subulatus.jpg|thumb|center|''Staurodesmus subulatus'' from wetland on Mansfield City Rd., Eagleville, CT]] || [[Image:Staurastrum_wolleanum.jpg|thumb|center|''Staurastrum wolleanum'' from Knowlton Pond, Ashford, CT]] || [[Image:Staurastrum_orbiculare.jpg|thumb|center|''Staurastrum orbiculare'' from Barrows Academy Pond, Windham, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Zygnematales=== | ||
+ | *The order Zygnematales contains commonly occurring ("weedy") filamentous taxa ''Zygnema'', ''Mougeotia'', and ''Spirogyra'', but also several unicellular genera, for example ''Netrium'' or ''Spirotaenia''.<br> | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Spirogyra.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Spirogyra'' sp. from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT]] || [[Image:Mougeotia.jpg|100px|thumb|center|''Mougeotia'' sp. from Cedar Swamp/Rt 195, Mansfield, CT]] || [[Image:Net_digitus.jpg|130px|thumb|center|''Netrium digitus'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] || [[Image:Spirotaenia.jpg|130px|thumb|center|''Spirotaenia condensata'' from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | ==other Streptophyte classes== | ||
+ | *Klebsormidiales are a group of inconspicuous but commonly occurring filamentous algae. | ||
+ | *Coleochaetales are among the closest relatives of land plants. Some species retain and nourish the fertilized zygote (this is called matritrophy) and form disc-like thalli (bodies) that often grow attached to aquatic plants or other substrates. | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Klebsormidium_sp.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''Klebsormidium'' sp. from Halls Pond, Chaplin, CT]] || [[Image:Coleochaete_scutata.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Coleochaete scutata'' from Bigelow Pond, Union, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | *Not all algae are microscopic. Aside from the conspicuous marine seaweeds, several freshwater algae are also observable by the naked eye. The green algae of the class Charophyceae (stoneworts) can be found in many water bodies in the Northeast, but can be easily mistaken for aquatic plants. | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Nitella_flexilis.jpg|thumb|center|''Nitella flexilis'' from Walker Reservoir East, Vernon, CT]] || [[Image:Chara_zeylanica.jpg|440px|thumb|center|''Chara zeylanica'' from the EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT, and a closeup of its reproductive structure (oospore)]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | * And let's not forget the most famous lineage of Streptophyta - land plants! | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |||
+ | | [[Image:Bigelow_orchids.jpg|330px|thumb|center|orchids on a stump]] || [[Image:Bigelow_sundew.jpg|330px|thumb|center|sundew - a carnivorous plant, growing on a stump]] || [[Image:Breakneck.jpg|330px|thumb|center|Breakneck Pond, Union, CT]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br> |
Latest revision as of 16:34, 4 July 2015
Contents
THIS PROJECT IS CURRENTLY TRANSITIONING TO iNaturalist
click here for the current status of 'Freshwater Algae of New England'
Microorganisms are incredibly diverse. A small sample of water from a local pond can contain dozens of species - some related to plants, some related to fungi, and some belonging to completely different, ancient lineages of eukaryotes (see simplified eukaryotic tree of life above). Algae are a subset of this diversity: they are organisms that contain a photosynthetic organelle (plastid). Here are a few examples of the charismatic algae found in the vicinity of the University of Connecticut.
Click here to see the map of localities sampled so far
Current total: 161 species!
Stramenopiles
Many microscopic and macroscopic algae belong to the group called Stramenopiles (also referred to as heterokonts). Diatoms, Chrysophytes, and Synurophytes are microscopic, and Phaeophytes (kelps, or brown algae) are mostly macroscopic and marine.
Chrysophytes and Synurophytes
- Dinobryon is a colonial flagellated alga from the class Chrysophyceae. Another colonial chrysophyte is Uroglenopsis, also found in CT.
![]() Uroglenopsis cf. americana from Middle Bolton Lake, Vernon, CT; video here |
![]() A tiny flagellate, possibly Ochromonas sp. from EEB greenhouse, Storrs, CT; video here |
- Synura is a genus of the Synurophyceae, the sister group of Chrysophyceae. Their plastids give members of both groups a typical golden-brown color. Synurophyceae have cells covered with siliceous scales and detailed examination of scale morphology is often needed for species identification. Colonies of Synura are not the most elegant of swimmers, but are fun to watch tumbling around.
- Mallomonas is a common solitary synurophyte. Its cells are also covered in scales and often equipped with long bristles attached to the scales. Note how large the cell is in comparison to the individual cells in the colony of Synura.
![]() Synura cf.uvella from Walker Reservoir, Vernon, CT; video here |
Diatoms
- Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) are very common not only in freshwater habitats, but also in marine environments. They can be solitary cells or form chains or stalked colonies. Their cells are enclosed in siliceous cases called frustules, which bear fine ornamentation best visible under high magnifications or under a scanning microscope. These fine structures of the frustules are used to identify diatom species.
Raphidophytes
- Gonyostomum is one of the few members of the small phylum Raphidophyta. It can form nuisance blooms.
Cryptophytes
- Cryptophyta is an ancient lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes. One of the few common species is the flagellate Cryptomonas, which can be found in most water bodies in CT.
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are members of the Alveolata, a group related to the Stramenopiles. Ceratium and Peridinium are common freshwater genera.
Cyanobacteria
Some "algae" are not even eukaryotic - the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria (some of which gave rise to chloroplasts) are sometimes also referred to as "blue-green algae". They are morphologically diverse, ranging from unicellular to colonial to filamentous. They are very common and in some cases even form toxic blooms.
Rhodophyta
Rhodophyta, or red algae, are common in marine habitats and are especially diverse in the tropics. Several of these macroscopic seaweeds are used for human consumption, e.g., Porphyra or nori is used for sushi wraps. There are freshwater rhodophytes, though, both microscopic and macroscopic. The branched filaments of Batrachospermum and Tuomeya are often found in small streams, while the unbranched, stiff and knobby filaments of Lemanea typically grow in tufts around dams. These algae are macroscopic but hard to find if you don't know what you are looking for. All three genera occur in Connecticut.
Euglenoids
Euglenoids are an ancient lineage most closely related to Kinetoplastida (best known for the parasite Trypanosoma). They acquired photosynthetic abilities by engulfing a green alga - and therefore they may superficially resemble one. Among the commonly occurring genera are Euglena, Trachelomonas, and Phacus.
- Unlike green algae, which store energy in form of starch, euglenoids use a different carbohydrate, paramylon. The paramylon bodies are often large and of a white-ish, "shiny" appearance, like the one visible in the Phacus specimen below.
![]() Euglena sp. from Breakneck Pond, Union, CT; video of another Euglena species from Tift Pond here |
![]() Trachelomonas volvocina from pond on Eldredge Rd., Willington, CT; video of another species here |
Green algae: Chlorophyta
- Some algae grow on plants or on other algae - epiphytically. Aphanochaete from the order Chaetophorales, is an example of a green filamentous alga growing on another green filamentous alga, Oedogonium (order Oedogoniales).
- Other free-living filamentous algae are Microspora, the branching Chaetophora, the above mentioned Oedogonium, and Bulbochaete - a relative of Oedogonium with branched filaments ending in long projections.
- Green algae often produce swimming cells as part of their life cycles. As an example, a video of a swimming cell of Oedogonium can be found here.
![]() Oedogonium sp. from stream by the Willington Pizza restaurant, Willington, CT; swimming cell video here |
![]() Stigeoclonium tenue from Eagleville Dam, Eagleville, CT; collection and photo by Nikolaus Schultz |
![]() Draparnaldia plumosa, a charismatic filamentous alga from Eagleville Dam, Eagleville, CT; collection, photo, and video by Nikolaus Schultz |
- Some green algae form colonies with defined numbers of cells (4, 8, 16, etc.). Such colonies are called coenobia. Commonly found coenobial green algae are Pediastrum, Stauridium, Coelastrum, Desmodesmus, and Scenedesmus from the order Sphaeropleales. Their sister order Volvocales also contains several coenobial representatives, for example: Eudorina, Pleodorina, Pandorina, and Volvox.
![]() Tetraspora gelatinosa, a colonial alga from the stream by N. Lyon Memorial Park, Eastford, CT; detail on colony edge with non-funcional pseudocilia (top inset) and motile flagellated zoospores (bottom inset); video of swarmers here: https://youtu.be/fAVwsG5zHoo |
Green algae: Streptophyta
Conjugating green algae (Zygnemophyceae)
Desmidiales
- The order Desmidiales contains some of the most spectacular of algae. Many species of the crescent-shaped Closterium can be found in the Northeast, as well as Cosmarium, Staurastrum, Euastrum, Micrasterias, Xanthidium, and others.
Zygnematales
- The order Zygnematales contains commonly occurring ("weedy") filamentous taxa Zygnema, Mougeotia, and Spirogyra, but also several unicellular genera, for example Netrium or Spirotaenia.
other Streptophyte classes
- Klebsormidiales are a group of inconspicuous but commonly occurring filamentous algae.
- Coleochaetales are among the closest relatives of land plants. Some species retain and nourish the fertilized zygote (this is called matritrophy) and form disc-like thalli (bodies) that often grow attached to aquatic plants or other substrates.
- Not all algae are microscopic. Aside from the conspicuous marine seaweeds, several freshwater algae are also observable by the naked eye. The green algae of the class Charophyceae (stoneworts) can be found in many water bodies in the Northeast, but can be easily mistaken for aquatic plants.
- And let's not forget the most famous lineage of Streptophyta - land plants!